Desdobramentos das desigualdades raciais na pandemia da Covid-19

O presente estudo tematiza o racismo na sociedade de classes e tem como objetivo analisar os desdobramentos das desigualdades raciais na pandemia da Covid-19. Logo, utilizou-se o método materialismo histórico-dialético e uma abordagem qualitativa. Dessa forma, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de um trabalho de mapeamento a partir dos dados secundários do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) de 2019;Atlas da violência de 2020, elaborado pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA);e o Boletim especial 20 de novembro de 2021, do Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socioeconômicos (DIEESE), para dialogar com a realidade dos afro-brasileiros em cenário pandêmico. Dos resultados do estudo, destacamos: que o racismo tem sido um eixo estruturante da sociedade brasileira mesmo numa fase pós-abolicionista;e que a questão racial tem sido uma das expressões da questão social na sociedade do capital, de tal modo que as desigualdades são conexas na contemporaneidade;e ainda, que a pandemia acentuou as desigualdades raciais no Brasil.Alternate :The present study thematizes racism in class society and aims to analyze the consequences of racial inequalities in the covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the Historical-Dialectical Materialism method and a qualitative approach were used. In this way, a bibliographic and documentary research was carried out, in addition to a mapping work based on secondary data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) of 2019, Atlas of Violence of 2020 made by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and the Special Bulletin 20 November 2021 of the Inter-union Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies (DIEESE) to dialogue with the reality of Afro-Brazilians in a pandemic scenario. From the results of the study, we highlight that racism has been a structuring axis of Brazilian society even in a post-abolitionist phase;that the Racial Question has been one of the expressions of the Social Question in the society of Capital, in such a way that inequalities are connected in contemporaneity;and, that the pandemic accentuated racial inequalities in Brazil.

The Impact of Remote Hearing Policies on Racial Equity in Criminal Case Outcomes During the Pandemic

The criminal justice system confronted unprecedented challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, court systems nationwide quickly instituted policies to enable criminal cases to proceed while protecting public health. The shift toward criminal hearings by videoconference or teleconference has persisted. All fifty states now conduct criminal hearings remotely. Yet evidence about how remote proceedings affect case outcomes remains sparse. Using data for all arrests and criminal case dispositions that occurred in California between 2018 and mid-2021, I characterize the impact the pandemic had on arrest and case resolution rates, estimate the impact of adopting policies to permit remote hearings on conviction and sentencing outcomes, and determine which factors contributed to racial differences in outcomes. Remote hearing policies contributed to racial inequalities in outcomes, which predated the pandemic and persisted amid it.

Measuring the Digital Divide: A Neighborhood-Level Analysis of Racial Inequality in Internet Speed during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, internet access has been vital to ensuring individuals can work from home, attend online school and maintain contact with loved ones. While research has already shown that inequalities exist regarding who has access to the internet, less research has used actual internet speed test data to examine neighborhood inequalities in internet access, and even less research has explored trends related to this during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a dataset containing over 100 million internet speed tests in the United States, we analyze neighborhood-level variation in internet speed. We find that neighborhoods with higher proportions of Black residents tend to have better download speeds but worse upload speeds. Notably, upload speeds are especially important for video communication, which massively proliferated during the pandemic. Further, upload speeds in Black neighborhoods have consistently fallen relative to white neighborhoods during the pandemic. This trend has substantial implications for racial inequality in the digital age.

Spatial and racial covid-19 disparities in U.S. nursing homes.

In many parts of the world nursing home residents have experienced a disproportionate risk of exposure to COVID-19 and have died at much higher rates than other groups. There is a critical need to identify the factors driving COVID-19 risk in nursing homes to better understand and address the conditions contributing to their vulnerability during public health crises. This study investigates the characteristics associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths among residents in U.S. nursing homes from 2020 to 2021, with a focus on geospatial and racial inequalities. Using data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and LTCFocus, this paper uses zero-inflated negative binomial regression models, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Local Moran's I to generate statistical and geospatial results. Our analysis reveals that majority Hispanic facilities have alarmingly high COVID-19 cases and deaths, suggesting that these facilities have the greatest need for policy improvements in staffing and financing to reduce racial inequalities in nursing home care. At the same time we also detect COVID-19 hot spots in rural areas with predominately White residents, indicating a need to rethink public messaging strategies in these areas. The top states with COVID-19 hot spots are Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Oklahoma. This research provides new insights into the socio-spatial contexts and inequities that contribute to the vulnerability of nursing home residents during a pandemic.

The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on school psychology internship outcomes

The Ohio Internship Program in School Psychology was forced to adapt abruptly to the changing circumstances brought on by the novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic beginning in March 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the school psychology internship outcomes were negatively affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic in terms of supervisors' ratings of intern competencies, the number of students served by interns, and the outcomes of academic and behavior interventions supported by interns. Findings of the annual evaluation of the Ohio Internship Program in School Psychology for the school year directly affected by the pandemic (2020–2021) were compared to the findings for the year the pandemic began (2019–2020) and the 3 years before the start of the pandemic. The results provide evidence of gains in professional competencies and positive outcomes for students served by interns. The results also highlight racial disparities in the counts of students provided school psychological services during the pandemic. Implications for school psychology graduate preparation and practice are discussed.Alternate abstract:Practitioner Points1. School psychology interns advanced their competencies and provided effectively support to students despite the upheaval created by the COVID‐19 pandemic.2. The COVID‐19 pandemic created opportunities for innovation in school psychological training and practice.3. Racial disparities were evident in the number of students provided school psychological services during the pandemic.

Covid-19 lockdowns and the precarity of South Asian key workers' families in the United Kingdom

With growing concern in the lives of individuals and communities during COVID-19, there is growing consensus across the globe that the pandemic had a disproportionate impact on different segments of society. It is of pertinent significance to understand the differential impact of pandemic on diverse groups. The concept of 'intersectional vulnerability' has been used in this paper to understand the unequal impact of the pandemic. Using an intersectional lens of ethnicity, this paper aims to understand the lived experiences of South Asian key workers' family members (women) during the COVID-19 lockdowns through narratives of precarity and vulnerability, this study brings out the challenges faced by families of key workers. Vulnerable family members' fear, stress, economic pressures, persistent inequalities in society, and gendered experiences shape the narratives of these families. The pandemic exacerbated existing precarious positions of families by creating a situation where ethnic inequality and inequitable gendered impacts were further reinforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of South Asian Diaspora is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Integrated Health Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Social Justice View from the Perspectives of Social Workers

COVID-19 has laid bare the enormous health disparities that still exist in the United States due to racial injustice. Due to these disparities, nondominant racial and ethnic groups have experienced disproportionate rates of infection and death from COVID-19. Social justice is a cardinal value of the social work profession. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, social workers need to play a role in addressing the health disparities that exist in the United States. This qualitative study examined the perspectives of forty social workers who worked as individuals in integrated healthcare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants indicated that structural racism was a primary factor that contributed to health disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fighting on the frontlines: Intersectional organizing in educators' social justice unions during COVID‐19

This article explores a growing trend in the politics of education: the intersectional frontline organizing work of educators' social justice unions on behalf of a woman‐dominated workforce and local students, families, and communities, many of whom experience racial and economic disparity. I show that educators' social justice unions have tended to coherently employ intersectional language to articulate student, family, and community need along racial and class lines during the COVID‐19 crisis, but have struggled to explicitly tie a gendered analysis of educators' working conditions to the raced and classed public school experiences of the populations they serve. In the spirit of supporting the growth of educators' social justice unions in the educational justice movement, I bring together the theoretical work of Angela Davis, David McNally and Nancy Fraser to argue that long‐term movement growth requires enhanced intentionality in naming systemic identity‐based linkages across worker and student experiences of public schooling while highlighting how "advanced neoliberalism” co‐opts identity‐based rhetoric to maximize capitalist accumulation for the few while limiting educational equity for the many. In other words, I assert that movement growth requires intentional articulation of the systemic identity‐based relations linking working with learning conditions in late‐stage capitalism.

Empirical evidence on structural racism as a driver of racial inequities in COVID-19 mortality.

Objective: This study contributes to the literature by empirically testing the extent to which place-based structural racism is a driver of state-level racial inequalities in COVID-19 mortality using theoretically-informed, innovative approaches. Methods: CDC data are used to measure cumulative COVID-19 death rates between January 2020 and August 2022. The outcome measure is a state-level Black-White (B/W) ratio of age-adjusted death rates. We use state-level 2019 administrative data on previously validated indicators of structural racism spanning educational, economic, political, criminal-legal and housing to identify a novel, multi-sectoral latent measure of structural racism (CFI = 0.982, TLI = 0.968, and RMSEA = 0.044). We map B/W inequalities in COVID-19 mortality as well as the latent measure of structural racism in order to understand their geographic distribution across U.S. states. Finally, we use regression analyses to estimate the extent to which structural racism contributes to Black-White inequalities in COVID-19 mortality, net of potential confounders. Results: Results reveal substantial state-level variation in the B/W ratio of COVID-19 death rates and structural racism. Notably, regression estimates indicate that the relationship between the structural racism and B/W inequality in COVID-19 mortality is positive and statistically significant (p < 0.001), both in the bivariate model (adjusted R2 = 0.37) and net of the covariates (adjusted R2 = 0.54). For example, whereas states with a structural racism value 2 standard deviation below the mean have a B/W ratio of approximately 1.12, states with a structural racism value 2 standard deviation above the mean have a ratio of just above 2.0. Discussion: Findings suggest that efficacious health equity solutions will require bold policies that dismantle structural racism across numerous societal domains.

Who has to act? A qualitative exploration of emerging adults' critical consciousness during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and violence against people of Color during 2020 brought troubling racial inequities to the forefront of American discourse. In line with the Critical Consciousness (CC) and Social Justice Youth Development (SJYD) frameworks, emerging adults may have developed their capacity for critical reflection, motivation, and action against systemic inequities. We drew from interviews with 27 emerging adults (ages 18-23) across the US, and used thematic analysis to explore differences in their reflections, motivations to act, and actions based on their racial/ethnic identification. We found nuanced variability in their critical reflections based on self, social, or global awareness and experiences of marginalization. White and Asian emerging adults used vague language or expressed feeling their reflections were insufficient. Black and Latinx emerging adults emphasized the importance of education and raising awareness. Although all emerging adults took action based on a sense of duty, few engaged in critical action; decisions to take in-person action varied based on whether they viewed racism or COVID-19 as a greater threat. Findings demonstrate that emerging adults' experiences of racialization may have related to their CC development. We share implications for community psychologists conducting antiracist research addressing White fragility and dismantling racial hierarchy.

Long COVID and chronic pain: overlapping racial inequalities

The American Public Health Association (APHA) and prominent U.S. health organizations have acknowledged racism as a central cause of health inequality. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. confronts an additional public health crisis: mass impairment from Long COVID. Occupational segregation and institutionalized racism have made working-class Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) more likely to experience Long COVID. Medical gatekeepers also prevent equal access to health: BIPOC face more obstacles in their search for disability accommodations and social support. To provide health equity to the Long COVID community, Disability Studies must confront racialize understandings of chronic pain and the consequences of these meanings by centering the lived experiences of BIPOC living with chronic pain.

'It's genetic, innit'? Racialising the lockdown

The phrase, 'it's genetic, innit?' was heard on a London phone-in talk during the early days of the Covid-19 lockdown. Despite the fact that this belief was soon scientifically discredited, the close relationship between racial inequality, racist practices and the higher number of deaths among black people has not been sufficiently explored. This chapter maps the effects of Covid-19 onto racial inequality and racism, setting the pandemic and the lockdown in the context of pre-existing and continuing practices. The chapter also argues that moving towards a more caring society entails people being actively involved in dismantling and eradicating structural and institutional racism. It involves the importance of using one's power to be anti-racist rather than non-racist. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC: THE REFLECTION OF INEQUALITIES AND EDUCATIONAL DIFFICULTIES OF POOR BLACK YOUTH IN BRAZIL

This article aimed to reflect on how the coronavirus pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, has affected the black population in general, aiming, specifically, to discuss different inequalities already existing for black youth in Brazil. For this, a thematic literature review was carried out seeking articles, books, dissertations and theses, with regard to social changes caused by the virus in Brazil, which affects Brazilian education, especially for poor black students. Thus, it was observed that Brazil still has many challenges to minimize the impact of the pandemic on the black population (devoid of the necessary resources to cope with the disease), also paying attention to the precariousness of teaching black youth during this scenario.

Racial Disparities in Texas SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Administration Over Time

Racial disparities have played a major part in the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in the United States as minority populations have borne an increased proportion of cases and deaths compared to White Americans. As the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines became available, local and state government agencies developed plans to distribute them more equitably. We analyzed the number of fully vaccinated individuals in the five most populous counties in Texas to determine if local government plans had an effect on racial disparities in vaccination rates. We found that, initially, vaccination rates of Asian and White people were significantly greater than those of Black and Hispanic people while vaccine availability was limited. However, as the supply of vaccines increased, vaccination rates among Hispanic people increased at a faster rate than those of Black people. We also found that local governments that specifically targeted at-risk ZIP codes showed less racial disparities in vaccination rates overall. Increased vaccine supply can mitigate some racial disparities in vaccination rates. However, some racial disparities in vaccination rates persisted despite the increased vaccine supply and may require more targeted interventions. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Texas Public Health Journal is the property of Texas Public Health Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

COVID-19 Health Care for Afghan Refugees as a Minor Ethnicity in Iran: Clinical Differences and Racial Equality in Health

The aim of this research was to look at the clinical differences between Afghan refugees and the Iranian community, as well as the evaluation of healthcare inequalities against Afghan refugees. ‎This was a 1:2 matched case-control study carried out at two tertiary hospitals of Jahrom city, southern Iran, from January 2020 to December 2020. Cases were COVID-19 infected Afghans, and controls were Iranian patients. Demographic data, Self-reported symptoms, disease history, and initial symptom to referral length were extracted from medical records. CT scans being conducted and receiving ICU treatment were assessed for evaluation of racial inequality in health care. In this study, 132 Afghan refugees were compared to 266 Iranian controls. There were multiple self-reported symptoms being statistically differently manifested in Afghan refugees in comparison to Iranian COVID-19 patients. There was no difference in probability of being evaluated by HRCT or receiving ICU treatment (P=0.173, 1, respectively) even after being adjusted for symptoms or co-morbidities that were manifesting differently between Afghan vs. Iranian patients (P=0.476, 0.881, respectively). Ten (7.57%) subjects died in the case group and 18 (6.76) in the control group. There wasn’t any significant difference in the death rate between the groups (P=0.766). Our study revealed huge differences in symptoms of Afghan vs. Iranian COVID-19 patients, while these differences did not affect the probability of receiving proper health care. Jahrom city was a case of equality in COVID-19 health care toward the ethnic minorities.

Health Inequity in Georgia During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ecological Analysis Assessing the Relationship Between County-Level Racial/Ethnic and Economic Polarization Using the ICE and SARS-CoV-2 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in Georgia as of October 2020.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disproportionately burdens communities of color in the United States. The prevalence of preexisting conditions in these populations has not accounted for the observed health inequities. A growing body of research indicates a significant role of racialized residential segregation and income inequality on health outcomes. The Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) is a metric which captures socio-spatial and economic polarization that has proven to be a valuable predictor of a large variety of health outcomes. Objectives: The primary objective of this ecologic study was to determine the impact of socio-spatial and economic segregation on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) morbidity and mortality in Georgia. Methods: The ICE scores for racial/ethnic, economic, and racialized economic segregation for each county in Georgia (n=159) were calculated and investigated as predictors of increased SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate, case-hospitalization rate, and case-mortality rate after controlling for the prevalence of preexisting conditions (diabetes, obesity, and smoking) and potential barriers to care (uninsured rate). Results: Counties with the largest income disparity had 1.57 times the case rate (p<0.0001) and 1.7 times (p<0.01) the case-mortality rate compared to the most privileged counties. Cases in counties with the largest racialized economic segregation were 1.8 times more likely to be hospitalized (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Racialized economic segregation is a strong correlate of pandemic health inequities in Georgia and highlights the need for structural interventions to address barriers to minority and vulnerable population health. Increased focus and efforts to address the structural and systematic barriers faced by communities of color is necessary to address health inequities.

UNEXPECTED RACIAL/ETHNIC INEQUITY IN MEDICATION USE FOR ADULTS HOSPITALIZED WITH COVID-19 INFECTION

Using a multivariable mixed logistic regression model, we estimated odds of medication use in various racial/ethnic groups (versus non-Hispanic White patients) adjusted for the characteristics listed above and for clustering of treatments (individual hospitals treated as random effects). B Introduction: b Although minorities have higher rates of COVID-19-related hospitalizations, discharge rates do not differ across race/ethnicity. [Extracted from the article] Copyright of Critical Care Medicine is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Environmental justice and the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from New York State.

The decline in human mobility and socioeconomic activities during the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by reports of significant improvements in air quality. We evaluate whether there was a uniform improvement in air quality across neighborhoods, with a special attention on differences by race. We focus on the COVID-19 lockdown in New York State, an early epicenter of the pandemic in the United States. Using a triple difference-in-differences model, we find that, despite the seasonal decline in particulate matter pollution starting late March (concurrent with the lockdown period), the lockdown narrowed the disparity in air quality between census tracts with high and low shares of non-white population in rural New York, whereas the racial gap in air quality remained unchanged in urban New York.